The 10 Essentials are organized into ten categories, or systems¹ :

NAVIGATION – Map, compass, and GPS system
Navigation items are used when planning your route before your trip, and when orienting yourself in the park during your activity. Know how to use a topographical or relief map as well as your compass or GPS unit before going out. We recommend bringing a physical map as a back up.  Be sure to pack an extra battery for your phone.

SUN PROTECTION – Sunglasses, sunscreen, and hat
Sun protection is necessary to protect your skin and eyes against harsh UV rays that are responsible for sunburns and skin cancer. Consider using sunglasses, sunscreen, and hats. Sun-protection clothing such as pants and long sleeve shirts can also help minimize your exposure to the sun.

EXTRA CLOTHING – Jacket, hat, gloves, rain shell, and other layers
Nature is unpredictable. Be prepared for sudden changes in weather conditions. Pack an extra layer of clothing that reflects the most extreme conditions you could encounter. This may include a waterproof layer (raincoat, poncho, rain cover), warm layers (jacket, hat, gloves), protection from sun or bugs (sun shirt, long pants, socks). Consider using bright clothing to help make yourself easier to see in the case of an emergency and Search and Rescue needs to look for you.

ILLUMINATION – Flashlight and headlamp
Lighting is important in the outdoors at night, and can help you find your way out or signal for help. Items include flashlights, and headlamps. Headlamps are the recommended light source because they are hands-free. Be sure to pack extra batteries.

FIRST-AID SUPPLIES – First Aid Kit
Be prepared for emergencies by packing first-aid supplies. Consider starting with a pre-made kit and modify it to fit your trip and your medical needs. Check the expiration date on all items and replace them as needed. Include any personal medications you regularly take. Consider including an emergency guide in case you are faced with an unfamiliar medical emergency.

FIRE – Matches or lighter and fire starters
Fire can be an emergency signal and a heat source for cooking and staying warm. Pack matches (preferably waterproof) or a lighter and fire starters – items that catch fire quickly and sustain a flame. Familiarize yourself with the local fire use regulations of your park before heading out. Learn more about campfires.

REPAIR KIT AND TOOLS – Duct tape, knife, multi-tool, and scissors
Carry a basic repair kit with you to help repair equipment. The kit should include items such as duct tape, a knife, and scissors. Consider packing a multi-tool, a compact version of many tools that can include a knife, screwdriver, can opener, etc. Be sure to bring any tools specific to your trip and your activity. A trowel and toilet paper or a landfill-safe commercial toilet bag system (WAG bag) may also be important. It is important to leave no trace. Be sure to bring any tools specific to your trip and your activity.

NUTRITION – Extra Food
You should always be prepared for the possibility of changes to your trip plans. Pack an extra day’s supply of food, preferably no-cook items that have good nutritional value in order to keep your energy high. Salty and easy to digest snacks (e.g. trail mix, nuts, and granola bars) work well for outdoor activities. Having extra food can make a big difference for yourself or others if an unexpected situation occurs.

HYDRATION – Water and water treatment supplies
Staying hydrated on your trip is of utmost importance! Physical activity increases your risk of dehydration (loss of water and salts from the body), which can lead to negative health consequences. If you’re active outdoors (hiking, biking, running, swimming, etc.), especially in hot weather, you should drink water often and before you feel thirsty. Prepare your water before you need it and do not allow yourself to become dehydrated. Before heading out on your trip, be sure to identify if there are any bodies of water at your destination that you could collect water from and treat using your water treatment supplies. Learn more about purifying water.

EMERGENCY SHELTER – Tent, space blanket, tarp, or bivy
Shelter is one of the most important elements during an emergency survival situation. It can protect you from severe weather conditions and exposure to the elements. A tent, tarp, bivy sack, or emergency space blanket are all lightweight options for emergency shelter.